Works Cited
American Civil
Liberties Union
www.aclu.org
ACLU. “Racial
Profiling: Definition.”
http://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/racial-profiling-definition. November
23, 2005. Web. 2 Nov. 2012.
Altheide, David.
“Terrorism and the Politics of Fear,” Social Problems, Charon and Vigilant,
2009, pp.538-544.
Altheide’s peer reviewed journal article discusses on the origins of “The War of Terror” after September 11, 2001, citing examples of media propaganda, the politics of fear, and the process through which individuals are willing to give up their own rights for “collective security,” even though most are ignorant to the injustices that occur because this type of thinking becomes normalized.
Arab American
Institute. http://www.aaiusa.org/. and http://aai.3cdn.net/e64a3016cae546cd4f_4em6bxluo.pdf .
n.p. Web. 5 Nov. 2012
Bhardwaj,
Sandeep. "Cyber Terrorism: Threat Exaggerated?" http://www.ipcs.org.
Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, Web. Accessed 12 November 2012. http://www.ipcs.org/article/terrorism/cyber-terrorism-threat-exaggerated-2659.html
This article examines the true threat the United States has against a
cyberterrorist attack. It explains the nuances and techniques of hacker groups
and their perceived effect. Sandeep Bhardwaj is a Research Officer for the
Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. This organization is interested in
developing an alternative framework for peace and security in the United
States. This article helped explain how cyber terrorists dissemninate
information amongst themselves. It also helped explain how much interfering
with communications technology has become more on a national security concern.
Bovard,
James. "Surveillance State." The American Conservative.
19 May 2003. http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/surveillance-state/.
This article gives some pertinent information regarding the creation and
motivation for the Patriot Act. Bovard goes into detail about exactly how the
Act effects Americans. The author has written nine government related books,
and also was done articles for NY Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington
Post, New Republic, and Reader’s Digest. In 2003 he won the Lysander
Spooner Award for the Best Book on Liberty in 2003. This article gives some
thoughtful insight and deep analysis of the Patriot Act that will help argue my
point of view.
Chang, Nancy. “The USA
PATRIOT Act: What's So Patriotic About Trampling on the Bill of Rights?” Center
for Constitutional Rights. http://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/USAPAanalyze.html
New York, November 2001. Web. 2, Nov. 2012.
Chang provides an overview on controversial provisions of the US
Patriot Act. She discusses the suspension of civil liberties, provides evidence of
law enforcement evading the 4th Amendment’s requirement
of probable cause in searches. She also speaks about how the Act
especially affects immigrants and citizens of Middle Eastern, African and
Muslim decent.
Electronic Privacy
Information Center
http://www.epic.org
http://epic.org/privacy/nsl/default.html
Eggen, Dan. “Patriot Act Partly Blamed in Madrid Case.” The Washington Post. 11 March 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/10/AR2006031002027.html
This article describes the case of Brandon Mayfield
versus the United States of America. The superior court ruled in Mayfield’s
favor against the Patriot Act’s surveillance tactics used to search Mayfield’s
personal belongings. Dan Eggen was part of a team that won a Pulitzer Prize for
National Reporting in 2002. This article will help support my stance that The
Patriot Act has flaws.
Ferran, Lee, and Jason
Ryan. "9/11 Flashback: US Flight Schools Still Unknowingly Training
Terrorists?" ABC
News. ABC News Network, 18 July 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2012.
<http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/911-flashback-us-flight-schools-unknowingly-training-
terrorists/story?id=16802116>
This article provides information about the specific
terrorists that carried out the September 11th attacks. It explains their training they received from
American flight schools and their entrance into the country on student visas.
Lee Ferran and Jason Ryan are both reporters for the internet version of abc
news. From this article a specific example is illustrated supporting the new
regulations of the Patriot Act.
Lynch, Timothy.
"More Surveillance Equals Less Liberty: Patriot Act Reduces Privacy,
Undercuts Judicial Review." CATO Institute. Web. 10 Sept.
2003. http://www.cato.org/research/articles/lynch-030910.html
This article brings up the government’s reasoning behind the Patriot Act, and
the way Section 215 creates a façade of judicial review. Although a court order
is needed in order to search someone’s property, the judiciary cannot
scrutinize the foundation for the Justice Department applications, and
therefore does not have any say. Timothy Lynch is director of the Cato
Institute’s Project on Criminal Justice. He earned both his B.S. and J.D. from
Marquette University, and has published articles in the NY Times, Washington
Post, and Wall Street Journal. This article gives an insightful point of view
regarding judicial review.
Messerli, Joe. "Should We Sacrifice Some of Our Civil Liberties to Help Fight the War on Terror ?"BalancedPolitics.org. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.balancedpolitics.org/civil_liberties.htm>.
This article brings up both sides of the debate whether the Patriot Act
hurts more than it helps. Joe Messerli graduated from University of
Wisconsin-Whitewater in 1996 with degrees in Finance and Management Computer
System. This article will help for my naysayer part of the paper
.
.
Muslim
Advocates. “Losing Liberty: The State of Freedom 10 Years After the
Patriot Act.” Published October 2011. www.muslimadvocates.org
http://www.muslimadvocates.org/Losing_Liberty_The_State_of_Freedom_10_Years_After_the_PATRIOT_Act.pdf
Podgor, Ellen .
“Computer Crimes and the USA PATRIOT Act” Criminal Justice Magazine 17:2,
Summer 2002. Web. Accessed 12 November 2012.
http://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_magazine_home/crimjust_cjmag_17_2_crimes.htm
This article explains how cyberterrorism is defined through the Patriot Act. It
also describes the penalties to those who commit or attempt to commit computer
crimes. Ellen Podgor is a Professor of Law at Georgia State University College
of Law in Atlanta, Georgia. This article helped me explain the haste that the
patriot act was passed. It also defined what protected computers were and
what could be defined as an attack against a ‘protected computer’.
Raghavan, Tara. “In
Fear of Cyberterrorism: An Analysis Of The Congressional Response” Journal
Of Law, Technology & Policy Vol. 2003. Web. Accessed 12 November
2012.http://www.jltp.uiuc.edu/recdevs/raghavan.pdf
This article describes the congressional response to cyberterrorism in the wake
of the attacks on the World Trade Center on Septemember 11, 2011. It also
explains the Cyber Security Research and Development Act and the problems
associated with it. Tara Raghavan is a partner at Rakoczy Molino Mazzochi
Siwik LLP. Her practice focuses on complex patent litigation, counseling and
opinion work. This article helped me explain how the Patriot Act infringes on
people’s civil liberties. It also helped me explain the scope of international
terrorism in relation to cybercrimes.
Review of the FBI’s
Use of National Security Letters: Assessment of Corrective Actions and
Examination of NSL Usage in 2006
www.justice.gov
http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/s0803b/final.pdf
Right to Financial
Privacy Act (12 U.S.C. 3401 et seq.)
http://www.accessreports.com
http://www.accessreports.com/statutes/RFPA.htm
The
document is the piece of legislation that first established the National Security
Letter as an investigative tool for law enforcement.
Siskin, Alison. Monitoring
Goreign Students in the United States: The Student and Exchange
Visitor Information
System (SEVIS). Library of Congress, CRS
Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service, 14 Jan.
2005. Web. 10 Nov. 2012.http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/44016.pdf
"Surveillance
Under the Patriot Act." American Civil Liberties Union. 24
Oct. 2011.
http://www.aclu.org/national-security/surveillance-under-patriot-act%20
This visually stimulating article goes into the
different methods of how authority’s surveillance over citizens has increased
and/or changed. It also gives specific facts and number related to surveillance
and terrorism. The ACLU sourced many of its findings from: justice.gov and
senate.gov websites. These appear to be legitimate sources to me. I can use the
facts and numbers from this site to help argue my point. These articles also
give up to date information about the Patriot Act.
The Leadership Conference
on Civil and Human Rights. “Restoring a National Consensus: The Need to
End Racial Profiling in America.” March 2011. Washington DC.
www.civilrights.org
U.S. Department of
Justice. “Guidance Regarding the Use of Race By Federal Law Enforcement
Agencies,” June 2003.
http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/split/documents/guidance_on_race.php
Both this guidance outline and report of how the Patriot Act was
being implemented and if was successful come from the U.S. Justice Department
several years after 9/11. In
U.S. Department of
Justice. “Report From the Field: USA Patriot Act at Work.”
http://www.justice.gov/olp/pdf/patriot_report_from_the_field0704.pdf. July
2004. Web.
Both this guidance outline and report of how the Patriot Act was
being implemented and if was successful come from the U.S. Justice Department
several years after 9/11. In
US Supreme Court
Center
http://www.justia.com
http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/425/435/case.html
This website holds
transcripts of summary judgments made by the US Supreme Court.
Vroom, Cynthia.
"The Patriot Act and Academic Freedom." Interview. Watson, Gary.
Academic Freedom Forum, 11 June 2003. Web. 8 Nov. 2012.
http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/committees/ucaf/afforum/vroom.pdf.
Walter, Vic and Patel,
Avni. “USA Patriot Act.” http://usbillofrights.org/patact.html. ABC
News Copyright 2006. Web.
These activities are conducted in secret with little oversight or public
accountability. Many members of Congress who initially favored the measure are
now inclined to reject some of its more problematic provisions, but are
encountering stiff pressure from the White House and its legislative allies. In
response many grass-roots efforts have sprung up across the nation to encourage
Congress to take action to protect our freedoms.
The USA Patriot Act targets
the civil liberties of Americans, and effectively stifles domestic political
dissent, religious freedom and labor union activism. It also promotes racial
profiling as federal government policy.
It is apparent that whenever this country has been faced with
military, political or social crisis, the leading sectors of society have
resorted to violating the Bill of Rights and other Constitutional protections
in the name of an often dubious notion of national security. The costs of these
measures to individuals and classes of victims have been enormous, and have,
historically speaking, accomplished little in promoting social cohesion or
respect for government institutions. They have only left generations of wounded
and embittered people.
- National Coalition to Repeal the USA Patriot Act. Savannah,
Georgia.
Wasem, Ruth E. Foreign
Students in The United States: Policies and Legislation.
Library of Congress, CRS
Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service, 24
Jan. 2003. Web. 10
Nov. 2012.
http://epic.org/privacy/surveillance/spotlight/0905/31146_was.pdf
This article is another one that looks at the before and
after policies of the Patriot Act concerning Foreign Student Monitoring. This
article gives specific information about why new policies are needed. Ruth E.
Wasem is a specialist in social legislation for the Domestic Social Policy
Division. This article provides specific information about the SEVIS system and
how the policies of the Patriot Act, concerning Foreign Student Monitoring,
were shaped and put into place
Weimann, Gabriel. "Cyber Terrorism: How Real
Is the Threat?" www.usip.org.
United States Institute of Peace. Web. Accessed 12 November 2012.
http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr119.pdfThis report examines the potential threat of cyberterrorism and how psychological, political, and economic forces have promoted the fear of cyberterrorism. It also illustrated how many more cyber investigators there have been since 9/11. Gabriel Weimann is a senior fellow at the United Stated Instutite of Peace and professor of communication at the Unviersity of Haifa, Israel. The report helped me explain how the fear of cyberterrorism has led to a brand new cyber security industry.
White
House. The Patriot Act Helps Keep America Safe. www.whitehouse.gov. The
White House, Web. Accessed 12 November
2012. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/06/20050609.html
This White House press report illustrates how the
Patriot Act makes it easier to investigate suspected within the United States.
It also explains the tools that the law enforcement will be using to fighting
these new kinds of crimes. This White House Press Release was released by the
Office of the Press Secretary on June 9, 2005. This press report helped
illustrate the dangers of information sharing among terrorists. It also
explained the role of Internet providers through the Patriot Act.
YouGov Staff in
Economist/YouGov Poll and Politics. “Ten Years After The Patriot Act: America
Is Safer, But 45% Say The Act Threatens Civil Liberties.’ http://today.yougov.com/news/2011/11/01/ten-years-after-patriot-act-america-safer-45-say-a/.
Zalman, Amy.
“Cyberterrorism: Latest Threat to National Computer Security?” www.About.com. Web.
Accessed 12 November 2012. http://terrorism.about.com/od/issuestrends/a/Cyberterrorism.htm
This webpage describes the immediate aftermath that the
attacks of 9/11 had on American national security. It also was concerned with
how information could be compromised over security networks. Amy Zalman is a
Department of Defense Chair of Information. She has over a decade of experience advising foreign policy,
military and intelligence community members, conducting research &
development to generate “soft power” approaches to foreign policy, and training
U.S. and allied military forces. This
webpage allowed me to explain how cyberterrorism was being used as a propaganda
tool. It also gave me a succinct definition
of the term cyberterrorism.
No comments:
Post a Comment